Les agars sont des polysaccharides majeurs issus de la paroi des algues rouges. Ces polysaccharides sont composés par des résidus D- et L-galactose alternativement liés par des liaisons glycosidiques -1,4 et -1,3. Ces galactanes présentent de nombreuses modifications: sulfatations, méthylations, pyruvilation, branchement, etc.. Toutes ces modifications rendent complexe la dégradation de ces polysaccharides pour des bactéries marines hétérotrophes. Zobellia galactanivorans est une flavobactérie marine capable de dégrader de nombreux polysaccharides d’algues dont les agars. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifier et de caractériser les outils enzymatiques dont dispose cette bactérie pour dégrader les agars complexes. Les deux sujets d’étude de cette thèse sont une -agarase divergente (ZgAgaC) et des sulfatases actives sur des agars. Pour pouvoir réaliser cette étude portant sur des enzymes spécifiques des agars, nous avons mis au point des cribles d’activités sur une collection d’agars naturels qui a été préparée au cours de cette thèse. Ces cribles ont permis de mettre en évidence le comportement divergent de ZgAgaC sur des agars complexes, par rapport aux autres -agarases et -porphyranases de la famille 16 des glycosides hydrolases (GH16). Ils ont aussi permis d’identifier les agars complexes sur lesquels deux sulfatases différentes sont actives. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis de mettre au point différents outils permettant de mettre en évidence de nouvelles activités enzymatiques et aussi de mieux comprendre le catabolisme des agars chez Z. galactanivorans.
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Agars are red algal polysaccharides. These are composed of D-galactose with L-galactose alterned by glycosidic bond -1,4 and -1,3. These galactans harbor several modifications : sulfatations, methylations, pyruvylations. All these modifications hinder the agar degradation by marine bacteria. Zobellia galactanivorans is a marine flavobacterium able to degrade marine polysaccharides, including agars. The aims of this thesis are to identify and characterize the enzymatic tools of Z. galactanivorans to degrade the complex agar. The two subjects are a divergent -agarase (ZgAgaC) and sulfatases that act on agars. To perform this study on the agar specific enzymes, we have developed activity screens on a complex agar collection of substrates produced during the thesis. These screens have been used to show the divergent behaviour of ZgAgaC on complex agar compared to the other -agarases and -porphyranases of the family 16 (GH16). These screens were further used to identify the substrate of two sulfatases active on agar. To conclude, this work has allowed to develop different tools to identify new enzymatic activities and to have a better view of the agar catabolism of Z. galactanivorans.

Publications

@article{Naretto2019,

title = {The agar-specific hydrolase ZgAgaC from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans defines a new GH16 protein subfamily},

author = {Anaïs Naretto and Mathieu Fanuel and David Ropartz and Hélène Rogniaux and Robert Larocque and Mirjam Czjzek and Charles Tellier and Gurvan Michel},

doi = {10.1074/jbc.RA118.006609},

issn = {1083351X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},

volume = {294},

number = {17},

pages = {6923--6939},

abstract = {Agars are sulfated galactans from red macroalgae and are composed of a D-galactose (G unit) and L-galactose (L unit) alternatively linked by α-1, 3 and β-1, 4 glycosidicbonds. The sepolysaccharides display high complexity, with numerous modifications of their backbone (e.g. presence of a 3, 6-anhydro-bridge (LA unit) and sulfations and methylation). Currently, bacterial polysaccharidases that hydrolyze agars (α-agarases and α-porphyranases) have been characterized on simple agarose and more rarely on porphyran, a polymer containing both agarobiose (G-LA) and porphyranobiose (GL6S) motifs. How bacteria can degrade complex agars remains therefore an open question. Here, we studied an enzyme from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans (ZgAgaC) that is distantly related to the glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) family α-agarases and α-porphyranases. Using a large red algae collection, we demonstrate that ZgAgaC hydrolyzes not only agarose but also complex agars from Ceramiales species. Using tandem MS analysis, we elucidated the structure of a purified hexasaccharide product, L6S-G-LA2Me-G(2Pentose)-LA2S-G, released by the activity of ZgAgaC on agar extracted from Osmundea pinnatifida. By resolving the crystal structure of ZgAgaC at high resolution (1.3 Å) and comparison with the structures of ZgAgaB and ZgPorA in complex with their respective substrates, we determined that ZgAgaC recognizes agarose via a mechanism different from that of classical α-agarases. Moreover, we identified conserved residues involved in the binding of complex oligoagars and demonstrate a probable influence of the acidic polysaccharide's pH microenvironment on hydrolase activity. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis supported the notion that ZgAgaC homologs define a new GH16 subfamily distinct from α-porphyranases and classical α-agarases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

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